Identification and complete genome sequencing of human adenovirus type 55 isolated from a patient with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo determine the genomic characteristics of a subgenus B human adenovirus strain isolated in Shanghai in 2021. MethodsAn adenovirus type 55 strain was isolated and identified from a patient with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis （AHC）. Complete genome of the strain was obtained using the next-generation sequencing （NGS）. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the sequences of Hexon， Fiber， Penton and complete genome to genomically characterize this strain. ResultsPhylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome classified this strain （MH2021001） into subgenus B， subspecies B2 of HAdV-55. Hexon gene of MH2021001 had close phylogenetic relationship with HAdV-11， while Fiber and Penton genes had close relationship with HAdV-14. The MH2021001 showed high nucleotide identity with currently prevalent HAdV⁃55 strains （>99.90%）. The complete genome had 99.96% nucleotide identity to the 73-GD_CHN_2016 strain isolated in Guangdong. In addition， the amino acid sequence of MH2021001 had several substitutions in regions coding for E1B， L4， E3 and L5. ConclusionThis strain has been classified to HAdV-B55. No recombination event is identified in the complete genome. Due to multiple amino acid substitutions， the biological characteristics of the strain need to be further identified.

Research progress regarding status of human adenovirus infections and serotyping technology / 中华检验医学杂志

There are many serotypes of human adenovirus (HAdV), and different serotypes can cause infections in different systems of the human body, one example being community acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical symptoms of HAdV infections are similar to those caused by other pathogens. To detect and serotype adenovirus rapidly and accurately is crucial towards the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the virus. This can facilitates the control of nosocomial infection and epidemiological monitoring. This article briefly reviews the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and typing of human adenovirus, aiming to help formulate effective treatments towards HAdV infection in a clinical setting.

Research progress on the epidemiology of human adenovirus infections / 预防医学

Abstract@#Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is characterized by infectivity, complex pathogenesis and multiple target organs, causes multiple organ infections in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and eyes, which seriously endangers human health. Various subspecies of HAdV has different tissue tropism, which presents diverse clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics. Based on the molecule biological characteristics of HAdV, this review summarizes the clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of HAdV infections depending on tissue tropism, and describes the trends in HAdV epidemiology, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of HAdV infections.

Clinical analysis of 36 children with pneumonia caused by coinfection of human adenovirus type 7 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To summarize the clinical features of children with pneumonia caused by coinfection of human adenovirus type 7 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Methods:A total of 36 children with pneumonia caused by coinfection of human adenovirus type 7 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (coinfection group) diagnosed in the Wuhan Children′s Hospital from December 1, 2018 to September 1, 2019 were enrolled.Their clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed.In the same period, 94 children with single human adenovirus type 7 infection pneumonia were selected as the single infection group.Differences between 2 groups were compared using the Student′s t-test, rank sum test and Chi- square test. Results:In the coinfection group, 25 cases were males, 11 cases were females, their mean age was 3.11 years.The main clinical manifestations included fever (97.2%) and cough (100.0%). The mean body temperature was 40.0 ℃, with the thermal peak of 4 times per day, and the mean course of fever of 11 days.The incidence of severe pneumonia was significantly higher in coinfection group (86.1%) than that of single infection group (69.1%) ( χ2=3.878, P<0.05). The common complications included myocardial damage (55.5%), heart failure (16.7%), liver function damage (25.0%), gastrointestinal bleeding (5.5%), toxic encephalopathy (11.0%), hemophagocytic syndrome (16.7%), and bronchiolitis obliterans (50.0%). The levels of cytokines like interleukin (IL)-6 [237.84(108.59, 606.36) ng/L], IL-10[31.44(12.13, 69.60) ng/L]and interferon-γ [(102.85±92.23) ng/L] were obviously elevated, and among them, IL-6 and IL-10 elevations were significantly pronounced in coinfection group than that of single infection group[148.35(57.43, 390.82); 19.67(10.96, 35.35)] ( Z=-1.984, -2.077, all P<0.05). Lung consolidation (50.0%) and pleural effusion (38.9%) were common in coinfection group, and the incidence of pleural effusion in coinfection group was significantly higher than that of single infection group (19.1%)( χ2=5.594, P<0.05). Conclusions:Most of the pneumonia caused by human adenovirus type 7 mixed Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children is severe pneumonia, which may be related to the cytokine storm.

Extrapulmonary manifestations and pathogenesis of adenovirus infection in children / 国际儿科学杂志

Human adenovirus(HAdV)is a double-stranded DNA virus with multiple serotypes.Owing to their genetic heterogeneity, HAdVs display broad tissue tropism and can infect several organs or tissues.Besides the most common respiratory system, different types of HAdV can enter into multi-tissue and cells of the whole body through different receptors and mechanisms, directly destroy the host cells and also trigger immune response that course further damages.Then a variety of extrapulmonary manifestations would appear, such as gastroenteritis, encephalitis, myocarditis, hemorrhagic cystitis, hemophagocytosis and conjunctivitis, which seriously threaten the health of children.

Risk factors for wheezing in children with adenovirus pneumonia / 国际儿科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for wheezing in the children with HAdV pneumonia.Methods:Ninety-seven cases of children aged 2 to 5 years with HAdV pneumonia were selected from Pediatric Department of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2019 to December 2019.Meanwhile, 100 children of the same age without adenovirus pneumonia were recruited as the control group.According to whether wheezing or not, the children with HAdV pneumonia were divided into wheezing group and non-wheezing group.The general characteristics, clinical characteristics and laboratory examination data of HAdV pneumonia group and non-HAdV pneumonia group were statistically analyzed, and the risk factors of wheezing after HAdV pneumonia were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.Results:Compared with the non-HAdV group, fever duration, serious cases, cases of wheezing in HAdV group were significant different( P<0.05). In laboratory examination, the white blood cell(WBC)count in HAdV group was significantly higher than those in control group( P<0.05). Whereas, hospitalization time, C-reactive protein(CRP), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), creatinine(Cr), creatine kinase(CK), CKMB, and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)levels in HAdV group were not statistically significant compared with those of the children in non-HAdV pneumonia group( P>0.05). Wheezing occurred in 52.6%(51/97)of children with HAdV pneumonia.Compared with the non-wheezing group, history of wheezing, cases with atopy, serious cases, eosinophils(EO)count, and cases with small airway changes in wheezing group were significantly different( P<0.05). Whereas, atopic family history, hospitalization time, fever duration, lymphocyte(LY)count, WBC count, CRP level, the cases with co-infection and consolidation in lung images in wheezing group were not statistically significant compared with those of the children in non-wheezing group( P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of wheezing in children with severe HAdV pneumonia was 2.949 times as much as those without severe HAdV pneumonia.The risk of wheezing in children with HAdV pneumonia with atopic constitution was 3.930 times as much as those without atopiy. Conclusion:The incidence of wheezing in children with HAdV pneumonia is higher than those in children of non-HAdV pneumonia.Severe cases and atopy are the independent risk factors for wheezing in the children with HAdV pneumonia.

Adenovirus 36 infection and daycare starting age are associated with adiposity in children and adolescents

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate human adenovirus 36 (Adv36) as an associated factor for adiposity in children and adolescents aged 9-12 years. Methods This was a case-control study comparing overweight (cases) and eutrophic (controls) children and adolescents aged 9-12 years based on their body mass index in relation to human adenovirus 36 serology. Human adenovirus 36-specific neutralizing antibodies were assessed using the serum neutralization assay, and a questionnaire regarding the subjects' personal backgrounds, breastfeed history, age of starting daycare, and eating and exercise habits was also applied. Results A total of 101 (51, eutrophic; 50, overweight) children were included in the study. The Adv36 seropositivity rate was of 15.8%, which increased the chance of being overweight by 3.17 times (p = 0.049). Enrollment in a full-time daycare center before the age of 24 months increased the chance of being overweight by 2.78 times (p = 0.027). Metabolic parameters (total cholesterol and blood glucose) were insignificantly different among children who were seropositive or seronegative for human adenovirus 36. Conclusion This study concluded that excessive weight was positively associated with seropositivity for human adenovirus 36. Early enrollment in a full-time daycare was also an associated factor for obesity. Such data, confirmed in new studies, reinforces the role of human adenovirus 36 in the increase of childhood adiposity.

Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas causadas por adenovirus en niños hospitalizados. Diecinueve años de vigilancia epidemiológica activa / Clinical and epidemiological study of acute lower respiratory tract infections caused by adenovirus in hospitalized children. Nineteen years of active epidemiological surveillance

Introducción. La infección respiratoria aguda baja por adenovirus es una importante causa de morbimortalidad en niños. Objetivos: Describir el patrón clínico-epidemiológico y los factores asociados en niños hospitalizados.Métodos. Estudio transversal en niños ingresados por infección respiratoria aguda baja al Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, en 2000-2018. El diagnóstico viral se realizó mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta en secreciones nasofaríngeas. Se compararon características clínico-epidemiológicas de infección por adenovirus con otros virus respiratorios (virus sincicial respiratorio, influenza y parainfluenza). Se utilizó regresión logística múltiple para identificar predictores independientes de infección.Resultados. De 16018 pacientes con infección respiratoria aguda baja, 13545 fueron testeados para virus respiratorios y 6047 (el 45 %) fueron positivos. Adenovirus fue el agente menos frecuente [el 4,4 % (265) de los casos]; presentó una tendencia en descenso durante todo el período estudiado (pico en 2003) y circuló durante todo el año (pico en julio). El 63,8 % eran varones; mediana de edad: 11 meses (rango intercuartílico: 6-20). La presentación clínica más frecuente fue neumonía (el 63 %). El 50 % tenía internaciones previas por causa respiratoria; el 15,6 % eran reingresos; el 58,3 % tenía comorbilidades. El 19,2 % requirió asistencia ventilatoria; el 44 %registró complicaciones. La letalidad fue del 7,7 %. La infección por adenovirus se asoció a edad ≥ 12 meses, sexo masculino, presentación clínica de neumonía, internaciones previas por causas respiratorias y reinternaciones.Conclusiones. Los adenovirus fueron detectados con menor frecuencia que los otros virus respiratorios, aunque presentaron un importante perfil de morbimortalidad

Introduction. Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) caused by adenovirus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children.Objectives. To describe the clinical and epidemiological pattern and associated factors in hospitalized children.Methods. Cross-sectional study in children admitted due to ALRTI to Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez," in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, between 2000 and 2018. Viral diagnosis was done by indirect immunofluorescence in nasopharyngeal secretions. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adenovirus infection were compared to other respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and parainfluenza). A multiple logistic regression was done to identify independent predictors of infection.Results. Out of 16 018 patients with ALRTI, 13 545 were tested for respiratory viruses; 6047 (45 %) had a positive result. Adenovirus was the least common agent (4.4 % [265] of cases); it tended towards a reduction over the study period (peak in 2003) and circulated throughout the year (peak in July). In total, 63.8 % of patients were males; median age: 11 months (interquartile range: 6-20). The most common clinical presentation was pneumonia (63 %). Prior admissions due to respiratory conditions were seen in 50 %; 15.6 %were readmissions; 58.3 % had comorbidities. Ventilatory support was required by 19.2 %and complications were recorded in 44 %. The fatality rate was 7.7 %. Adenovirus infection was associated with age ≥ 12 months, male sex, clinical presentation of pneumonia, prior admissions due to respiratory conditions, and readmissions.Conclusions. Adenoviruses were less common than other respiratory viruses, although their morbidity and mortality were important

Progress in engineering application of human adenovirus / 生物工程学报

Human adenoviruses are widespread causative agent that induces respiratory diseases, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and other related diseases. Adenoviruses are commonly used in experimental and clinical areas. It is one of the most commonly used virus vectors in gene therapy, and it has attracted a lot of attention and has a high research potential in tumor gene therapy and virus oncolytic. Here, we summarize the biological characteristics, epidemiology and current application of adenovirus, in order to provide reference for engineering application of adenovirus.

Clinical Efficacy of Endoscopic Injection of Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 for Advanced Esophageal Cancer / 胃肠病学

Background: Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 is an oncolytic adenovirus, which can selectively replicate in tumor cells and lyse the tumor cells resulting in dissolution and necrosis of tumor tissues. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic injection of recombinant human adenovirus type 5 in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Methods: A total of 87 patients with advanced esophageal cancer from January 2012 to October 2017 at Qingdao Municipal Hospital were enrolled. According to the treatment performed, patients were divided into recombinant human adenovirus type 5 group (group A), radiation and chemotherapy group (group B) and recombinant human adenovirus type 5 combined with radiation and chemotherapy group (group C). The clinical efficacy, survival rate and adverse reaction rate were compared among the three groups. Results: No significant differences in clinicopathological features were found among the three group (P>0.05). The effective rate, 1-year survival rate, 2-year survival rate, median overall survival, median progression-free survival in groups C were significantly higher than those in group A and group B (P0.05). Adverse reaction rate in group A was significantly decreased than that in group B and group C (P0.05). Conclusions: The therapeutic effect of endoscopic injection of recombinant human adenovirus type 5 combined with radiation and chemotherapy for treatment of advanced esophageal cancer is remarkable, and is an important novel way for the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, which does not increase obviously the incidence of adverse reactions.

Development and evaluation of real-time fluorescence recombinase aided amplification assay without extracting nucleic acid for detection of adenovirus type 3 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To establish a real-time fluorescence recombinase acid amplification (RAA) method for the detection of adenovirus type 3(HAdV-3)without extraction nucleic acid.@*Methods@#According to the conserved sequence of adenovirus type 3 gene, a pair of primers and a probe were designed, and a real-time fluorescence RAA without extracting nucleic acid was established and optimizing the condition of DNA-free extraction. The sensitivity of the method was analyzed by a series of dilution and the specificity of the method was evaluated by detecting the original samples of other respiratory viruses. The clinical samples of HAdV-3 were detected and compared with the traditional real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method for nucleic acid extraction.@*Results@#The sensitivity of the real-time fluorescence RAA method was as high as that of qPCR in the detection of 10 series diluted HAdV-3 strains. The highest corresponding CT value of qPCR was 36.87. The sensitivity of the real-time fluorescence RAA method was similar to that of the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method . There was no cross-reaction to other common types of respiratory viruses. The two method were used to detect 56 clinical samples at the same time, and the result were completely consistent.@*Conclusions@#We provide the first report of the real-time fluorescent RAA assays for the detection of HAdV-3 without extracting nucleic acid and it has high sensitivity and specificity. Is suitable for rapid detection of HAdV-3 in clinical laboratories and on-site unite.

Recombinase-mediated in vitro rapid construction of replication-competent human adenovirus type 14 vector encoding EGFP / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective@#To rapidly and efficiently construct a replication-competent human recombinant adenovirus type 14 vector expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (rAd14-EGFP) using in vitro homologous recombination.@*Methods@#The skeleton plasmid pBRAd14 was constructed using homologous recombination in Escherichia coli (E.coli) BJ5183 competent cells. The plamid was linearized and transfected into AD293 cells to rescue Ad14. Exnase, a recombinase, was used to construct the shuttle plasmid pSK14-EGFP in vitro using homologous recombination among four fragments. The overlapping sequence was 15-20 bp. Three exogenous fragments generated with PCR including Ad14 E3L fragment, EGFP gene and Ad14 E3R fragment were cloned into the plasmid pBluescript Ⅱ SK(-) simultaneously. Recombinant plasmid pBRAd14-EGFP was constructed by in vitro homologous recombination between 27 kb fragment of plasmid pBRAd14 obtained through double digestion and Ad14 E3L-EGFP-Ad14 E3R fragment amplified by PCR using the shuttle plasmid pSK14-EGFP as template. The plasmid pBRAd14-EGFP was linearized and transfected into cells to obtain the viral vector rAd14-EGFP, which was then used to immunize mice to detect the induced immune responses.@*Results@#A replication-competent E3-deleted adenovirus vector rAd14-EGFP expressing EGFP was successfully constructed. Intracellular proliferation properties and immunogenicity of the vector were no significantly differences compared with those of Ad14.@*Conclusions@#In vitro homologous recombination using the commercial recombinase Exnase can be a rapid, efficient and accurate method to construct adenoviral vector.

Recombinase-mediated in vitro rapid construction of replication-competent human adenovirus type 14 vector encoding EGFP / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To rapidly and efficiently construct a replication-competent human recombi-nant adenovirus type 14 vector expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein ( rAd14-EGFP) using in vitro homologous recombination. Methods The skeleton plasmid pBRAd14 was constructed using homologous re-combination in Escherichia coli ( E. coli) BJ5183 competent cells. The plamid was linearized and transfected into AD293 cells to rescue Ad14. Exnase, a recombinase, was used to construct the shuttle plasmid pSK14-EGFP in vitro using homologous recombination among four fragments. The overlapping sequence was 15-20 bp. Three exogenous fragments generated with PCR including Ad14 E3L fragment, EGFP gene and Ad14 E3R fragment were cloned into the plasmid pBluescript Ⅱ SK (-) simultaneously. Recombinant plasmid pBRAd14-EGFP was constructed by in vitro homologous recombination between 27 kb fragment of plasmid pBRAd14 obtained through double digestion and Ad14 E3L-EGFP-Ad14 E3R fragment amplified by PCR using the shuttle plasmid pSK14-EGFP as template. The plasmid pBRAd14-EGFP was linearized and trans-fected into cells to obtain the viral vector rAd14-EGFP, which was then used to immunize mice to detect the induced immune responses. Results A replication-competent E3-deleted adenovirus vector rAd14-EGFP expressing EGFP was successfully constructed. Intracellular proliferation properties and immunogenicity of the vector were no significantly differences compared with those of Ad14. Conclusions In vitro homologous recombination using the commercial recombinase Exnase can be a rapid, efficient and accurate method to construct adenoviral vector.

Molecular epidemiology of circulating human adenovirus types in acute conjunctivitis cases in Chandigarh, North India

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a major cause of viral conjunctivitis. The various serotypes implicated in the causation are 3, 4, 8, 19 and 37. The present study aimed to know the circulating types of HAdV causing acute conjunctivitis in North India. A total of 23 conjunctival swabs were collected from patients with clinically suspected acute viral conjunctivitis during 2014–2015. The HAdV was implicated in the etiology in 65.2% of cases. The sequencing of representative samples using hexon gene suggests the presence of serotype 8 and 4. The serotype eight sequences showed 99%–100% similarity with other Indian strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the current circulating serotypes, responsible for conjunctivitis, belonged to epidemic keratoconjunctivitis strains.

Prevalence of different genotypes of human adenovirus in patients with respiratory infection in China / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a group of non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses, including seven groups (A-G) and more than 80 serotypes/genotypes. HAdVs, mainly including HAdV-B, HAdV-C and HAdV-E, are one of the important pathogens of respiratory tract infections. China has a vast territory, and the predominant genotypes of HAdVs vary in different regions. In this article, I review the prevalence of different types of HAdVs that cause respiratory diseases, meanwhile, summarize and analyze the predominant circulating types and newly discovered types of HAdVs in different regions of China.

Construction of human adenovirus type 4 vector expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To prepare human adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vector expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Methods This study used a previously prepared plasmid pBRAd4 containing the whole genome DNA of Ad4-GZ01 strain. The Ad4 genome E3 region of pBRAd4 was deleted and replaced with the EGFP expression frame by conventional molecular cloning method. Then the recombi-nant plasmid was transfected into AD293 cells to rescue recombinant virus which was identified by sequen-cing,SDS-PAGE and ELISA. The purified virions were injected to mice and the induced immune responses were detected by ELISA and microneutralization test. Results The recombinant Ad4 vector rAd4EGFP ex-pressing EGFP was obtained and could be recognized and neutralized by monoclonal antibody MN4b and an-tisera against Ad4. The Ad4-specific and EGFP-specific antibodies with high titers could be detected in mice immunized with rAd4EGFP. Conclusion Human Ad4 vector expressing EGFP was successfully obtained and could be used in research on vaccine development,drug evaluation and transgene vector.

Immune response mechanism of human adenovirus infection / 中华临床感染病杂志

Human adenovirus ( HAdV ) is the most widely used vector of gene drugs . Its applications range from oncolytic therapy to vaccination , besides , HAdV is one of the most important pathogen causing acute respiratory infections in infants and young children .How the human innate immune system protects against HAdV has always been the focus of its application as a vaccine carrier .In patients with immunodeficient and hematopoietic stem cell transplant , specific T cell immunotherapy is also one of the hotspots in recent years .Although some HAdV vector vaccines have entered clinical trials , the immune mechanism remains controversial .This article describes how the human innate immune system and the adaptive immune system defend against HAdV and the escape mechanism of HAdV for human immune responses ,in order to indicate directions for vaccine research and deepen clinicians 'understanding of HAdV severe infections .

Characteristics of the human adenovirus infections from influenza-like illness samples in Xi′an / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the molecular types of human adenovirus (HAdV) from influenza-like illness (ILI) samples with negative influenza virus in Xi'an from January 2013 to December 2015.@*Methods@#Samples from patients with ILI were collected from two national influenza sentinel surveillance hospitals during 2013—2015 in Xi′an. HAdV was detected by real-time PCR, and then the positive samples were inoculated into Hep-2 cells to isolate the viruses. The amplified products were purified and sequenced of hexon gene, and the sequences were compared with the Genebank data and phylogenetic trees were constructed.@*Results@#In 2367 samples, 88 samples were positive for HAdV, the positive rate was 3.72%. There were 7 subtypes detected, and the rates of each subtype are as follows: HAdV-1 was 9.09%, HAdV-2 was 22.73%, HAdV-3 was 23.86%, HAdV-4 was 5.68%, HAdV-5 was 7.95%, HAdV-6 was 3.41% and HAdV-7 was 1.14%. Males had higher infection rate than females, but there was no significant difference. The patients were divided into 6 groups according to age. There were 3 positive samples among those under 1 year of age, 36 positive samples among those 1 to 3 years old, 26 positive samples among those 4 to 6 years old, 16 positive samples in those 7 to 18 years old, 5 positive samples in 19 to 59 years old and 2 positive samples in those older than sixty years of age. HAdV infection was primarily confined to children under 7 years of age.@*Conclusions@#HAdV-3 and HAdV-2 were the dominant epidemic strains during 2013—2015 in Xi′an. Children younger than 7 years were the main susceptible population. HAdV infections circulate all year-round and there was no considerable seasonal variation.

Laboratory investigation of a clustered respiratory tract infection with human adenovirus / 中国人兽共患病学报

In order to investigate the pathogens associated with a clustered event of fever occurred in a kindergarten in Fuzhou,Fujian Province,samples were collected from pediatric cases in the kindergarten and screened for various possible viral agents by real-time PCR.Of 10 respiratory specimens,7 were positive of human adenovirus (HAdV).The positive samples were inoculated into HEp-2 cell-lines for viral isolation.The PCR products of the hypervariable regions of Hexon gene were sequenced,followed by BLAST searches for viral type identification.In comparison with the strains prevalent in domestic or abroad in recent years,the deduced amino acid sequences showed no amino acid mutation in the hypervariable regions of Hexon.Combined with clinical manifestation and field epidemiological data,human adenovirus type 7 could be confirmed as the pathogen linked to the clustered event.

The role of human adenoviruses type 41 in acute diarrheal disease in Minas Gerais after rotavirus vaccination

Abstract Human adenovirus species F (HAdV-F) type 40 and 41 are commonly associated with acute diarrheal disease (ADD) across the world. Despite being the largest state in southeastern Brazil and having the second largest number of inhabitants, there is no information in the State of Minas Gerais regarding the role of HAdV-F in the etiology of ADD. This study was performed to determine the prevalence, to verify the epidemiological aspects of infection, and to characterize the strains of human adenoviruses (HAdV) detected. A total of 377 diarrheal fecal samples were obtained between January 2007 and August 2011 from inpatient and outpatient children of age ranging from 0 to 12 years. All samples were previously tested for rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus, and 314 of 377 were negative. The viral DNA was extracted, amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and the HAdV-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05), considering two conditions: the total of samples tested (377) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (314). The overall prevalence of HAdV was 12.47% (47/377); and in 76.60% (36/47) of the positive samples, this virus was the only infectious agent detected. The phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 32 positive samples revealed that they all clustered with the HAdV-F type 41. The statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the onset of the HAdV infection and the origin of the samples (inpatients or outpatients) in the two conditions tested: the total of samples tested (p = 0.598) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (p = 0.614). There was a significant association in the occurrence of infection in children aged 0–12 months for the condition 1 (p = 0.030) as well as condition 2 (p = 0.019). The occurrence of infections due to HAdV did not coincide with a pattern of seasonal distribution. These data indicate the significant involvement of HAdV-F type 41 in the etiology of ADD in Minas Gerais, which demonstrates the importance of other viral agents in the development of the disease after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine immunization.